雅思閱讀biological control原文翻譯

第1段

The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders,pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant,highly lethal superbugs.

事實證(zheng)明，持續不顧后果地使用合成(cheng)化學(xue)品控制有害生物對(dui)農作物和(he)人類健康構成(cheng)威脅，并(bing)且會適得其反。除引(yin)起廣泛(fan)的生態(tai)失調外，農藥還(huan)促成(cheng)具有抗藥性(xing)(xing)和(he)高致死性(xing)(xing)的超級害蟲的誕(dan)生。

第2段

According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO),more than 300species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests,about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

根(gen)據糧食及(ji)農(nong)業組織(FAO)的最(zui)新研究，超過300種農(nong)業害蟲(chong)(chong)對(dui)多種強(qiang)效化學(xue)物質(zhi)產生了抗藥性。更(geng)不(bu)用(yong)說傳播疾病的害蟲(chong)(chong)，其(qi)中約有100種已對(dui)目(mu)前使用(yong)的各(ge)種殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑免疫。

第3段

One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’application is that,while destroying harmful pests,they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms,which keep the growth of the pest population in check.This results in what agroecologists call the‘treadmill syndrome’.Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity,many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with built-in resistance to pesticides.

農藥(yao)施用的(de)一個(ge)明(ming)顯缺點是，在(zai)消滅有(you)害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)同時，它們還消滅了(le)許(xu)多有(you)用的(de)非目標生(sheng)物(wu)，從(cong)而(er)使有(you)害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)種群的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)受到(dao)控(kong)制。這(zhe)導致(zhi)了(le)農業生(sheng)態(tai)學家所說的(de)“跑步機綜合(he)癥”。由于害(hai)蟲具(ju)有(you)巨大的(de)繁殖潛力(li)和遺傳多樣性，許(xu)多害(hai)蟲都能夠抵抗(kang)合(he)成(cheng)化學物(wu)質并生(sheng)育對農藥(yao)具(ju)有(you)內在(zai)抗(kang)性的(de)后代。

第4段

The havoc that the‘treadmill syndrome’can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America.In the early 1940s,basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture,the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s,rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s,following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.

“跑步機綜合癥”可能(neng)造成的(de)嚴重(zhong)破(po)壞(huai)已由中美(mei)洲棉農(nong)的(de)遭(zao)遇充分說明(ming)。20世紀40年(nian)代初期，在以化(hua)學為基(ji)礎的(de)集約化(hua)農(nong)業的(de)光輝下(xia)，農(nong)民們熱衷于(yu)使用(yong)農(nong)藥作為提高作物產量(liang)的(de)可靠(kao)措施。20世紀40年(nian)代中期，殺蟲劑每年(nian)施用(yong)八次(ci)(ci)。20世紀50年(nian)代，由于(yu)三種新(xin)的(de)耐化(hua)學性(xing)害蟲突然擴(kuo)散開來，該數字上升到一個季(ji)度施用(yong)28次(ci)(ci)。

第5段

By the mid-1960s,the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50%of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides.This article is from Laokaoya website.In the early 1970s,the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.

到(dao)20世紀60年代中(zhong)期，情況發生了令人震驚的(de)轉折，又爆(bao)發了4種新的(de)害蟲，使得噴灑農(nong)藥成(cheng)為必要措施，以(yi)致(zhi)于(yu)棉(mian)花生產(chan)中(zhong)50%的(de)經濟(ji)支出都(dou)用在(zai)了農(nong)藥上面(mian)。20世紀70年代初(chu)，由(you)于(yu)基因上更強(qiang)的(de)昆蟲物種的(de)入侵，農(nong)民們被逼到(dao)極限(xian)，每個季度(du)甚至(zhi)經常噴灑70次。

第6段

Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health,says a study by United States environmental agencies.The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.

美國(guo)環境機構的(de)一項(xiang)研究表明，當(dang)今市場(chang)上大多數農(nong)藥對導致癌(ai)癥和突變的(de)性(xing)質以(yi)及對健康的(de)其他不(bu)(bu)利(li)影響(xiang)存在(zai)測試不(bu)(bu)足。美國(guo)國(guo)家資源保護委員(yuan)會發現，DDT是許(xu)多正在(zai)使用的(de)危(wei)險(xian)化學品中(zhong)受歡迎的(de)一種。

第7段

In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides,a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control,involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population,is fast gaining popularity-though,as yet,it is a new field with limited potential.The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost,perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.When handled by experts,bio-control is safe,non-polluting and self-dispersing.

面對無(wu)差別使用農藥不(bu)斷(duan)加深的(de)(de)危(wei)險，生(sheng)物控(kong)制(zhi)，這一更有(you)效和無(wu)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)戰略(選(xuan)擇性害(hai)(hai)蟲種(zhong)群的(de)(de)天敵(di))正迅速受到歡迎-不(bu)過，至今它(ta)仍然(ran)是一個(ge)潛力(li)有(you)限的(de)(de)新領域。與其他(ta)方(fang)法(fa)相比，生(sheng)物控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)優點(dian)在(zai)于它(ta)提(ti)供了(le)一種(zhong)成本相對較低，永性久的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)系統，且有(you)害(hai)(hai)副作用最小。由專家(jia)處理時，生(sheng)物控(kong)制(zhi)是安(an)全、無(wu)污(wu)染、并且可以自我擴散的(de)(de)。

第8段

The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control(CIBC)in Bangalore,with its global network of research laboratories and field stations,is one of the most active,non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites.CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.

班加羅爾的(de)英聯邦生(sheng)物(wu)防治學院(yuan)(CIBC)與全(quan)球研(yan)究實驗室和實地(di)工作(zuo)站都(dou)有聯系，是(shi)從事害蟲防治最(zui)活躍，非(fei)商(shang)業(ye)性(xing)的(de)研(yan)究機構之一。其致力(li)于尋(xun)找(zhao)使用害蟲的(de)自然天(tian)敵。CIBC還是(shi)全(quan)球范圍內用于蟲害控(kong)制的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)制劑進出口的(de)交換所。

第9段

CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil,native to Mexico,to control the obnoxious parthenium weed,known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia.Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory(RRL),supported by CIBC,is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth,another dangerous weed,which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL,‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.‘CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on‘disapene scale’insects–notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

CIBC成功地使(shi)用(yong)了一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)原產于墨西哥的(de)食用(yong)種(zhong)子的(de)象鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)來控制(zhi)令人討厭的(de)銀(yin)膠菊(ju)草(cao)(cao)。該草(cao)(cao)對印度和澳大(da)利(li)亞的(de)農(nong)業和人類(lei)(lei)健康(kang)都產生了負面影響(xiang)。同樣(yang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)CIBC的(de)支(zhi)持下，位于海得拉巴的(de)地區實驗室(RRL)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)嘗試一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)阿(a)根廷象鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)，以(yi)(yi)根除另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)危(wei)險的(de)雜草(cao)(cao)-水葫(hu)蘆。這種(zhong)雜草(cao)(cao)已在(zai)(zai)(zai)世界許多(duo)地方成為(wei)(wei)困擾。據RRL的(de)Kaiser Jamil女士說：“阿(a)根廷象鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)不會攻(gong)擊任何其(qi)他植物，一(yi)(yi)對成年的(de)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)4-5天內破壞雜草(cao)(cao)。CIBC還正在(zai)(zai)(zai)完善繁殖(zhi)以(yi)(yi)“二萜類(lei)(lei)”昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)食的(de)寄生蟲(chong)(chong)技術。這些臭名昭著昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)使(shi)得美國和印度的(de)果樹落葉(xie)。

第10段

How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples.In the late 1960s,when Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides,a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control.A natural predator indigenous to India,Neodumetia sangawani,was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US.By using Neochetina bruci,a beetle native to Brazil,scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometrelong canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta,popularly called‘African Payal’in Kerala.About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.

以(yi)下例子證(zheng)明了如何有效地實施生(sheng)物防治。20世紀60年(nian)代后期，當斯里(li)蘭卡(ka)茂盛的(de)(de)椰子林被采(cai)葉類(lei)殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)所困擾時，從新加(jia)坡(po)進口的(de)(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)蟲(chong)(chong)使該(gai)害蟲(chong)(chong)得(de)到了控制(zhi)。人們發現(xian)，印度本土的(de)(de)天然捕食者Neodumetia sangawani可用(yong)于(yu)控制(zhi)羅得(de)島草(cao)鱗昆蟲(chong)(chong)，該(gai)昆蟲(chong)(chong)在美國(guo)許多(duo)地方(fang)都(dou)在吞食草(cao)料。喀拉(la)(la)拉(la)(la)邦農業大學的(de)(de)科學家們使用(yong)巴(ba)西本土的(de)(de)甲蟲(chong)(chong)Neochetina bruci，使得(de)一條長達12公里(li)的(de)(de)運河從喀拉(la)(la)拉(la)(la)邦的(de)(de)雜(za)草(cao)(Salvinia molesta，通常(chang)被稱為“非洲(zhou)Payal”)中解(jie)放出來。這種(zhong)雜(za)草(cao)在喀拉(la)(la)拉(la)(la)邦侵害了大約30,000公頃稻田(tian)。

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