劍橋(qiao)雅(ya)思10Test1閱讀Passage1原文翻譯stepwells，今天中國教(jiao)育(yu)在(zai)線(xian)就來為大(da)家分析(xi)這個問(wen)題(ti)。

stepwells

印度階梯井

劍橋雅(ya)思10 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

During the sixth and seventh centuries,the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean,fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking,bathing,watering animals and irrigation.However,the significance of this invention–the stepwell–goes beyond its utilitarian application.

在公(gong)元六世(shi)紀和(he)七世(shi)紀，現代印度西北部的古吉(ji)拉特(te)邦和(he)拉賈(jia)斯坦邦的居民開發了一種在旱季獲得(de)清潔，新鮮的地下水(shui)(shui)以供飲用(yong)、沐(mu)浴、給動物(wu)飲水(shui)(shui)和(he)灌(guan)溉的方法。但是(shi)，這一發明的意義（階梯井(jing)）遠不(bu)止于(yu)其功(gong)利性的應用(yong)。

第2段

Unique to this region,stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape.During their heyday,they were places of gathering,of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat(where they are called vav)and Rajasthan(where they are called baori),while a few also survive in Delhi.Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community;others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.

階(jie)梯井是(shi)該地(di)(di)區獨(du)有的(de)(de)(de)，結構上(shang)通常很(hen)復雜，大(da)(da)(da)小和形狀差(cha)別很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)。在(zai)(zai)它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)鼎(ding)盛時期，這里文(wen)章來自(zi) 雅思是(shi)除了最(zui)底層居(ju)民(min)之(zhi)外(wai)，所(suo)有村民(min)聚會，休(xiu)閑、放松和朝(chao)拜的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方。人們發(fa)現大(da)(da)(da)多數(shu)階(jie)梯井都分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)古吉(ji)拉(la)特邦(bang)（在(zai)(zai)這里被稱為(wei)vav）和拉(la)賈斯坦邦(bang)（在(zai)(zai)這里它(ta)們被稱為(wei)baori）的(de)(de)(de)沙漠(mo)地(di)(di)區周圍。在(zai)(zai)德里也(ye)有少數(shu)存在(zai)(zai)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一些位于村莊內或附近，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)社區的(de)(de)(de)公共空間；其(qi)(qi)他則被設置在(zai)(zai)道路旁，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)旅(lv)行者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)休(xiu)息場所(suo)。

第3段

As their name suggests,stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source(normally an underground aquifer)as it recedes following the rains.When the water level was high,the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it;when it was low,several levels would have to be negotiated.

顧名思義，由于(yu)水(shui)面會隨(sui)著雨(yu)水(shui)而(er)消退，階(jie)梯井包括一系列從地面下到水(shui)源（通常為地下含水(shui)層）的(de)臺階(jie)。當(dang)水(shui)位高時，用戶(hu)僅需往(wang)下走幾(ji)步(bu)即可達到。而(er)當(dang)水(shui)位較低時，必須都走幾(ji)個臺階(jie)。

第4段

Some wells are vast,open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side,often in tiers.Others are more elaborate,with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys.Built from stone and supported by pillars,they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat.But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many step wells,showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.

一些水井的(de)開(kai)口十(shi)分巨大，通常每個斜坡都有上百層臺階按階層分布(bu)。其他的(de)則(ze)比(bi)較復雜(za)，有長長的(de)臺階通道穿過幾層樓通往水面。它們由石頭(tou)(tou)建(jian)成，并通過柱子支撐，包括能夠讓游客躲避炎熱的(de)看臺。但(dan)也(ye)許(xu)是(shi)最令人(ren)印(yin)象深刻的(de)特征是(shi)許(xu)多階梯井中(zhong)都有著復雜(za)的(de)裝飾性(xing)雕塑，展(zhan)示戰斗(dou)、跳舞、以及諸如(ru)女(nv)性(xing)梳理頭(tou)(tou)發(fa)和攪動黃(huang)油的(de)日常活(huo)動。

第5段

Down the centuries,thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India,but the majority have now fallen into disuse;many are derelict and dry,as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table.Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells:southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.

幾(ji)個世紀以來，在印(yin)度的(de)西(xi)北部建造了(le)數千口水(shui)井，但現在大多數已經廢棄。由于地下水(shui)被轉用于工業用途，水(shui)井不再能達到地下水(shui)水(shui)位，因此許(xu)多水(shui)井都已干涸。最近的(de)干旱(han)也加(jia)重了(le)這一情況(kuang)：拉賈斯坦邦南部在1996年(nian)(nian)至2004年(nian)(nian)間遭受了(le)八年(nian)(nian)干旱(han)。

第6段

However,some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration,and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.

然而，古吉拉特邦的(de)一(yi)些(xie)重(zhong)要水(shui)井最近進行了重(zhong)大修復。州政府于(yu)去(qu)年(nian)6月(yue)份(fen)宣布，計劃恢復整個州的(de)階梯(ti)井。

第7段

In Patan,the state’s ancient capital,the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav(Queen’s Stepwell)is perhaps the finest current example.It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century,but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century.But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s,and today it is in pristine condition.At 65 metres long,20 metres wide and 27 metres deep,Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument.Incredibly,in January 2001,this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.

在(zai)該州的(de)古都帕坦（Patan），Rani Ki Vav（Queen’s Stepwell）的(de)階梯井也許是(shi)目前最好的(de)例子。它(ta)是(shi)由烏達亞馬蒂女王（Queen Udayamati）在(zai)11世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)后期建(jian)造的(de)，但(dan)在(zai)13世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)的(de)洪水(shui)之后就(jiu)被淤(yu)塞了(le)。但(dan)是(shi)印度考古調查局(ju)于20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)60年代開始對其進行修復，如今它(ta)已恢復到(dao)原始狀態。Rani Ki Vav長65米，寬20米，深27米。整個(ge)遺跡中擁有500座(zuo)雕塑。令人(ren)難(nan)以(yi)置(zhi)信(xin)的(de)是(shi)，2001年1月，這座(zuo)古建(jian)筑在(zai)里(li)氏(shi)7.6級地(di)震中幸存了(le)下來。

第8段

Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera,northern Gujarat,next to the Sun Temple,built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya.It actually resembles a tank(kund means reservoir or pond)rather than a well,but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture,including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.The terraces house 108 small,intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.

另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)例子(zi)是(shi)位于(yu)古吉(ji)拉(la)特(te)邦北部(bu)Modhera的(de)(de)(de)(de)Surya Kund。它緊(jin)挨(ai)著(zhu)由(you)國(guo)王Bhima一(yi)(yi)世在(zai)1026為(wei)朝拜太(tai)陽神Surya而建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽神神廟。它實際上(shang)類似于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)水(shui)(shui)箱（Kund的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)庫或池塘），而不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)水(shui)(shui)井。但(dan)它顯(xian)示出(chu)階梯(ti)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構特(te)征(zheng)，包(bao)括深入井底的(de)(de)(de)(de)，按照令人(ren)驚訝的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何結構所(suo)建(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)四面(mian)臺(tai)階。臺(tai)階之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)露(lu)臺(tai)設置著(zhu)108個(ge)小巧精致的(de)(de)(de)(de)神社。

第9段

Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells.The ancient city of Bundi,200 kilometres south of Jaipur,is renowned for its architecture,including its stepwells.One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori,which was built by the queen of the region,Nathavatji,in 1699.At 46 meters deep,20 metres wide and 40 metres long,the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.

拉賈斯坦邦也有豐富的水井。Jaipur南面200公(gong)里(li)處的古城Bundi因其建筑(zhu)而(er)聞(wen)名，這其中就包括階(jie)梯井。一個較(jiao)大的例子(zi)是(shi)Raniji Ki Baori。它(ta)(ta)由該(gai)地區的女王Nathavatji在(zai)1699年修(xiu)建的。深46米(mi)，寬20米(mi)，長40米(mi)，它(ta)(ta)是(shi)Nathavatji在(zai)Bundi所修(xiu)建的21個精致的建筑(zhu)物之一。

第10段

In the old ruined town of Abhaneri,about 95 kilometers east of Jaipur,is Chand Baori,one of India’s oldest and deepest wells;aesthetically it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic.Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata,the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides,steeply descending 11 storeys,resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar.On the fourth side,verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.

在Japipur以東約(yue)95公里(li)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)古老廢墟小鎮阿布哈內(nei)里(li)內(nei)（Abhaneri），坐落(luo)著印度(du)最(zui)古老最(zui)深的(de)(de)(de)水井之一，Chand Baori；從美(mei)學(xue)上講(jiang)，它可能是最(zui)引人注目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)。建于公元850年左右(you)，位于Harshat Mata寺廟旁邊，該(gai)水井在三面(mian)分布著數百個(ge)曲折的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)階，下降(jiang)11層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)。從遠處(chu)看構成令人驚訝的(de)(de)(de)圖像。在第(di)四(si)面(mian)，由(you)華麗支柱支撐的(de)(de)(de)陽臺(tai)俯(fu)瞰著這(zhe)些臺(tai)階。

第11段

Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baoriy located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway.Constructed in around 1700,it is nine storeys deep,with the last two being underwater.At ground level,there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.

Neemrana Ki Baoriy仍被公眾(zhong)使用，就位(wei)于Jaipur-Delhi的(de)高速公路(lu)旁。它(ta)建(jian)于1700年左(zuo)右(you)，深9層，最(zui)后兩層位(wei)于水下。在(zai)地面上，有86個(ge)柱(zhu)廊(lang)開口，游客從(cong)那(nei)里可以向下走過170個(ge)臺階到達最(zui)深的(de)水源。

第12段

Today,following years of neglect,many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India,which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history.Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago,which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.

如(ru)今，在多(duo)年(nian)的忽(hu)視之后，印(yin)(yin)度考古調查局拯救了許多(duo)中世紀工程遺跡(ji)。人(ren)們(men)已(yi)經意識到保存它們(men)作為國家(jia)豐富(fu)歷史一部分的重要性。游客涌向位于印(yin)(yin)度西北(bei)部遙遠(yuan)角落的水井，驚嘆于幾百年(nian)前的這些建筑奇觀。這既使人(ren)想起了古代文明的創造(zao)力和藝術性，也讓人(ren)明白水對(dui)人(ren)類生存的價值(zhi)。

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