劍橋雅思16Test1Passage1閱讀原文(wen)翻譯 Why we need to protect polar bears 具體(ti)的內容和中國教育在線平臺一起來看看吧

劍橋雅思16 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach-40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.

北(bei)(bei)(bei)極(ji)熊(xiong)(xiong)正日益受到(dao)氣候變化(hua)的(de)(de)威脅，它們(men)的(de)(de)消失可(ke)(ke)能(neng)產生影響(xiang)深遠的(de)(de)結果(guo)。它們(men)十分適應北(bei)(bei)(bei)極(ji)圈的(de)(de)極(ji)端條(tiao)件。那(nei)里的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達(da)到(dao)零(ling)下(xia)40度(du)。其(qi)原(yuan)因之(zhi)一是(shi)，它們(men)皮膚(fu)之(zhi)下(xia)有(you)(you)著(zhu)厚達(da)11厘米的(de)(de)脂肪(fang)層。擁有(you)(you)類似(si)脂肪(fang)組織的(de)(de)人類會被認為是(shi)過度(du)肥胖，并可(ke)(ke)能(neng)遭受糖尿病和心(xin)臟(zang)病的(de)(de)折(zhe)磨。然而，北(bei)(bei)(bei)極(ji)熊(xiong)(xiong)身上(shang)(shang)并沒有(you)(you)出(chu)現(xian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)情(qing)況。

第2段

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears. This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth. Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APoB, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol. In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

Shi Ping Liu及(ji)其(qi)同事(shi)在2014年進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項研究幫助解(jie)答了這一謎題(ti)。他們比(bi)較了北(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)和(he)棕熊(xiong)（生活在溫暖(nuan)氣候中的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近親）的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)。這讓他們得以確定究竟是哪個基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)片(pian)段(duan)讓北(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)能(neng)夠在地(di)球上最嚴酷(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境條件下生存。Liu和(he)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)同事(shi)發現(xian)，北(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)有(you)著被(bei)稱為APoB的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)段(duan)。它可以減少低(di)密度(du)脂肪蛋白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平（一種(zhong)有(you)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)膽(dan)固醇）。人(ren)類(lei)中，這一基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變異(yi)會提(ti)升患上心臟病的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險。因(yin)此(ci)，北(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)可能(neng)對于理解(jie)人(ren)類(lei)心臟病有(you)著重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

第3段

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation: osteoporosis. This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation. Bone tissue is constantly being remodelled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under. This article is from Laokaoya website. Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy. Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.

北(bei)(bei)極熊(xiong)的(de)(de)基(ji)因(yin)圖譜(pu)也可能(neng)(neng)包含著(zhu)另一(yi)項嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響(xiang)著(zhu)老年人的(de)(de)疾病-骨(gu)(gu)質(zhi)疏松-的(de)(de)解決方(fang)案。這是一(yi)種(zhong)骨(gu)(gu)頭密(mi)度變低的(de)(de)疾病，通常由鍛煉不足，鈣攝入量(liang)減少或者食物(wu)缺乏造成。骨(gu)(gu)骼組(zu)織不斷重(zhong)塑(su)，要(yao)么增加要(yao)么減少，具體取決于(yu)人們的(de)(de)營養狀況以及骨(gu)(gu)頭所(suo)承擔的(de)(de)壓力。然(ran)而，雌性北(bei)(bei)極熊(xiong)每次懷(huai)孕的(de)(de)時(shi)候都(dou)會經歷(li)極端狀況。一(yi)旦秋(qiu)天來臨，這些雌性文章來自(zi)(zi)老烤鴨(ya)雅思會在(zai)積雪中挖出供懷(huai)孕時(shi)使用的(de)(de)洞穴，整個(ge)冬天都(dou)待在(zai)里面，無(wu)論是產崽前還是產崽后(hou)。這一(yi)過程會導致長達六個(ge)月(yue)的(de)(de)禁食，而雌性北(bei)(bei)極熊(xiong)必須保(bao)證(zheng)自(zi)(zi)己和幼崽的(de)(de)存活，不斷消(xiao)耗自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)鈣和能(neng)(neng)量(liang)儲備。盡管如此，它們的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)骼依然(ran)強(qiang)壯緊密(mi)。

第4段

Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008. They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens. In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density. Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring. If the mechanism of bone remodelling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts, could potentially benefit.

生理學家Alanda Lennox和Allen Goodship于2008年解釋了這一矛盾(dun)現象。他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)發現懷孕的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)極熊(xiong)能(neng)夠在開(kai)始建造(zao)獸穴(xue)之前(qian)提(ti)升自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨骼密(mi)度(du)。此外，六個月后(hou)，當它們(men)(men)帶著幼崽(zai)一起(qi)從洞穴(xue)中出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，沒有任何證(zheng)據表(biao)明，他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨骼密(mi)度(du)有明顯下降。冬眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)棕熊(xiong)并不具備這種能(neng)力，因此他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)必須在接(jie)下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)春天進行大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨骼重(zhong)(zhong)塑。如果我們(men)(men)能(neng)夠理解北(bei)極熊(xiong)骨骼重(zhong)(zhong)塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)制(zhi)，許多臥(wo)床不起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)類(lei)，甚至是宇航員，都能(neng)夠從中受益。

第5段

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to protect animals we think are intelligent and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities. A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment. The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out of his reach. Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four metres high.

北(bei)(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)對于(yu)人類醫(yi)療(liao)的(de)積(ji)極(ji)(ji)影(ying)響當(dang)然是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們采(cai)取保護行動的(de)重要原因(yin)，但這不應該是(shi)(shi)唯一(yi)的(de)因(yin)素。我(wo)們總是(shi)(shi)傾向于(yu)保護我(wo)們認為聰明或者擁有情感(gan)的(de)動物(wu)，如大(da)象和靈長類動物(wu)。相比(bi)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)，熊(xiong)在(zai)很多情況下(xia)(xia)被(bei)認為是(shi)(shi)愚蠢的(de)，甚至是(shi)(shi)危(wei)險的(de)。然而，這一(yi)領域的(de)傳聞對這些假設提出挑戰，證明北(bei)(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)擁有很好的(de)解(jie)決問題的(de)能(neng)力(li)。大(da)阪Tennoji動物(wu)園一(yi)只叫做(zuo)GoGo的(de)雄性北(bei)(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)被(bei)觀(guan)察(cha)到利(li)(li)用工具(ju)操控(kong)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)環境。他在(zai)多個場(chang)合利(li)(li)用樹枝取下(xia)(xia)掛在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)夠不著的(de)地方的(de)肉。問題解(jie)決能(neng)力(li)也能(neng)夠在(zai)野生北(bei)(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)身上(shang)觀(guan)察(cha)到，雖然不像GoGo那么(me)明顯。一(yi)只雄性北(bei)(bei)極(ji)(ji)熊(xiong)仔細規(gui)劃自(zi)己(ji)的(de)策略，助跑跳上(shang)油桶，嘗試接近站在(zai)四米高的(de)平臺(tai)上(shang)的(de)攝影(ying)師。

第6段

In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focussed manipulation. For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game. The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviours. These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

在(zai)其(qi)他研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中，如(ru)Alison Ames在(zai)2008年所(suo)做的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，北(bei)極(ji)熊(xiong)展(zhan)現出(chu)目的(de)性和有意的(de)操控。例如(ru)，Ames觀察(cha)到，北(bei)極(ji)熊(xiong)將物(wu)品堆疊起來，然后再弄翻(fan)它(ta)們，似乎是在(zai)進行游戲。這(zhe)項研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)證明，北(bei)極(ji)熊(xiong)能(neng)夠做出(chu)經過思考的(de)行為。這(zhe)些例子表明，熊(xiong)擁有比人們之前(qian)認為的(de)更強的(de)創造力和問題(ti)解決(jue)能(neng)力。

第7段

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow – seemingly out of frustration – when they have just missed out on a kill. Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic. Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark Dumas to the point where they even swim together. This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

至于(yu)情感，雖然證據再一次只是(shi)傳(chuan)聞性質(zhi)的(de)(de)，但當它們錯過捕殺(sha)機會的(de)(de)時候，許多(duo)熊都被看到過出(chu)(chu)于(yu)沮喪而擊打冰(bing)面或者雪地。此(ci)外，北(bei)極熊能夠與其他(ta)物種形成(cheng)非(fei)同尋常的(de)(de)關(guan)系，包括與在(zai)北(bei)極的(de)(de)雪橇犬玩(wan)耍。出(chu)(chu)乎意料的(de)(de)是(shi)，一頭由人類養(yang)大的(de)(de)、被叫做Agee的(de)(de)北(bei)極熊與其主人Mark Dumas的(de)(de)關(guan)系是(shi)如此(ci)親(qin)密，以至于(yu)他(ta)們可以一起(qi)游泳。這一點(dian)更(geng)讓人震驚(jing)，因(yin)為北(bei)極熊會在(zai)荒野(ye)中襲擊人類是(shi)出(chu)(chu)了名的(de)(de)。

第8段

If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine, but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

如(ru)果氣候變化導致(zhi)北(bei)極(ji)熊滅(mie)絕(jue)，這不僅(jin)意味著人類醫療(liao)可能性的突破徹底消失(shi)，而且更重要(yao)的是，我們將失(shi)去一種智慧、威嚴的動物。

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