劍(jian)橋雅(ya)思8Test2閱讀Passage1原文翻(fan)譯sheet glass manufacture:the float process，今天中國教(jiao)育在線就來(lai)為大家分析這個問(wen)題。

Sheet glass manufacture:the float process

平板玻璃制造

劍橋雅思8 Test2 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1自然段

Glass,which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians,is little more than a mixture of sand,soda ash and lime.When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius(℃)this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled.The first successful method for making clear,flat glass involved spinning.This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard,so it stayed perfectly unblemished,with a‘fire finish’.However,the process took a long time and was labour intensive.

自美索不達(da)米亞人和埃及人時代以來，玻璃僅是(shi)沙子，純(chun)堿和石灰的(de)混合(he)物。當加熱(re)到約1500攝氏度（℃）時，它變成熔融物，緩慢(man)冷(leng)卻后會變硬(ying)。制造透明平板玻璃的(de)第一種成功方(fang)法涉及到旋(xuan)轉。該方(fang)法非常(chang)有效，因為玻璃在(zai)變軟和變硬(ying)之間(jian)沒有接觸到任何表面，因此保(bao)持了完(wan)美的(de)光澤。但是(shi)，該過程(cheng)耗時長并且勞動強度大。

第2自然段

Nevertheless,demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously.The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers,similar to an old mangle.This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop,but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked,and these would then need to be ground and polished.This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass,and the machines were very expensive.

然而，對(dui)平板玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)非(fei)常(chang)高，世界(jie)各地的(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)造商都在尋找(zhao)一種(zhong)連續制(zhi)(zhi)造平板玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)的(de)方法。第(di)一種(zhong)文章來自(zi) 雅思連續制(zhi)(zhi)造工藝通過兩(liang)個熱輥擠壓熔融(rong)的(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)，類(lei)似于舊日的(de)粉碎機。這樣就可以使幾乎(hu)任何厚度的(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)被(bei)不間斷地制(zhi)(zhi)造出(chu)來，但(dan)是滾(gun)子會(hui)在玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)兩(liang)面留(liu)下痕跡。稍后，它們需(xu)要進行研磨和拋光處理。該過程的(de)這一部分消耗了大約20％的(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)，并(bing)且機器(qi)非(fei)常(chang)昂貴。

第3自然段

The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington.This process allows the manufacture of clear,tinted and coated glass for buildings,and clear and tinted glass for vehicles.This article is from Laokaoya website.Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process,and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass,eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath.The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass(about 600~C),but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass(about 1500~C).The best metal for the job was tin.

用于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)造平板玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)浮(fu)(fu)法是阿利(li)斯泰(tai)爾(er)·皮(pi)爾(er)金(jin)頓(dun)（Alistair Pilkington）發(fa)明(ming)的(de)。該方法可以制(zhi)造用于(yu)(yu)建筑物的(de)透明(ming)，著(zhu)色(se)和涂(tu)層玻(bo)璃(li)(li)，以及用于(yu)(yu)車輛的(de)透明(ming)和著(zhu)色(se)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)。皮(pi)爾(er)金(jin)頓(dun)一直在(zai)嘗試改善(shan)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)過程，并(bing)在(zai)1952年提出使用熔(rong)融金(jin)屬床來制(zhi)造平板玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)想法，從而(er)完全消除在(zai)漂浮(fu)(fu)池中使用滾筒的(de)必(bi)要性。金(jin)屬必(bi)須在(zai)低于(yu)(yu)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)硬化(hua)(hua)點的(de)溫(wen)度（約(yue)600℃）熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)，但(dan)不能在(zai)低于(yu)(yu)熔(rong)融玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)溫(wen)度（約(yue)1500℃）下沸(fei)騰。最(zui)好的(de)金(jin)屬是錫。

第4自然段

The rest of the concept relied on gravity,which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal.Consequently,when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin,the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat.If the glass were kept hot enough,it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat,horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface.Once the glass cooled to 604~C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers.The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin.By fortunate coincidence,60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.

這一想法(fa)的其余(yu)部分(fen)依靠重力，以確保熔融金(jin)屬(shu)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面完全(quan)平坦(tan)且(qie)水(shui)(shui)平。因此，當(dang)(dang)將(jiang)熔融玻璃(li)倒在熔融錫上(shang)時，玻璃(li)的底面也將(jiang)是完全(quan)平坦(tan)的。如果玻璃(li)保持足(zu)夠(gou)高溫(wen)，它將(jiang)在文章來自 雅思熔融錫上(shang)流(liu)動，直到上(shang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面也平坦(tan)，水(shui)(shui)平且(qie)與下表(biao)(biao)(biao)面完全(quan)平行(xing)。一旦玻璃(li)冷卻(que)到604°C或(huo)更低(di)，就(jiu)會變得足(zu)夠(gou)堅硬，很難留下痕跡，并(bing)且(qie)可(ke)以用滾軸運出冷卻(que)區。由于玻璃(li)和錫之間(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面張力的相互(hu)作用，玻璃(li)只能是六毫米厚。碰(peng)巧的是，當(dang)(dang)時平板玻璃(li)市場的60％都是六毫米玻璃(li)。

第5自然段

Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant.However,it took 14 months of non-stop production,costing the company￡100,000 a month,before the plant produced any usable glass.Furthermore,once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass,the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production.When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again.They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world,with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day,non-stop for around 15 years.

皮爾金頓于1953年建立了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)試驗工廠(chang)(chang)，到(dao)1955年，他(ta)說服自(zi)己的(de)(de)公司建立了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)大型工廠(chang)(chang)。然而，在(zai)14個(ge)月的(de)(de)不間斷生產，并每(mei)月花(hua)費公司100,000英(ying)鎊之后(hou)，工廠(chang)(chang)才(cai)生產出(chu)(chu)第(di)一(yi)(yi)塊能用的(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)璃。一(yi)(yi)旦他(ta)們成功制造出(chu)(chu)可(ke)銷(xiao)售的(de)(de)平板玻(bo)(bo)璃，就關閉了(le)(le)機器，從而為(wei)多年的(de)(de)連(lian)續生產做準(zhun)(zhun)備。當它(ta)再次啟動(dong)時(shi)，又花(hua)了(le)(le)四(si)個(ge)月的(de)(de)時(shi)間才(cai)重新校準(zhun)(zhun)流程。他(ta)們終(zhong)于在(zai)1959年取得了(le)(le)成功，現在(zai)世界(jie)各地都有浮法制玻(bo)(bo)工廠(chang)(chang)，每(mei)個(ge)工廠(chang)(chang)每(mei)天能夠生產約1000噸玻(bo)(bo)璃，可(ke)以不間斷生產約15年。

第6自然段

Float plants today make glass of near optical quality.Several processes–melting,refining,homogenising–take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace.They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures.It adds up to a continuous melting process,lasting as long as 50 hours,that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath,and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone,where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.

如今，浮法生產的玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)接近光學品質。在(zai)熔爐中的2000噸熔融玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)同時(shi)進行熔融，精(jing)制(zhi)，均質化等多個過(guo)(guo)程。它們出現在(zai)由高溫驅動的復雜(za)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)流中的不同區域(yu)。連續熔化過(guo)(guo)程可以持續50小時(shi)，從而(er)將玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)平穩連續地(di)輸送到(dao)(dao)浮槽中，然后從那里到(dao)(dao)達鍍膜(mo)區，并最后到(dao)(dao)達熱處理區，在(zai)這(zhe)里消(xiao)除(chu)冷卻過(guo)(guo)程中形成的應力。

第7自然段

The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s.However,the product has changed dramatically,from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm,from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection.To ensure the highest quality,inspection takes place at every stage.Occasionally,a bubble is not removed during refining,a sand grain refuses to melt,a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon.Automated on-line inspection does two things.Firstly,it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected.Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon,locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.Secondly,it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.

自(zi)20世紀50年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，浮法玻(bo)璃(li)的(de)(de)原理就沒(mei)有(you)改變(bian)(bian)。但是，產品發生了巨大的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)，從單一(yi)的(de)(de)6.8毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)厚變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)從亞毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)到(dao)25毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)不等，從經常被雜(za)質(zhi)和氣泡損壞的(de)(de)平板到(dao)幾乎(hu)完(wan)美的(de)(de)光學效(xiao)果。為(wei)了確(que)保最高質(zhi)量，在(zai)每(mei)個階段都要(yao)進(jin)行檢(jian)查(cha)。有(you)時，精煉(lian)過(guo)程中未能去除的(de)(de)氣泡，無(wu)法融化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)沙礫，以(yi)(yi)及錫(xi)的(de)(de)震(zhen)顫會在(zai)玻(bo)璃(li)帶中形成(cheng)波紋(wen)。自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)在(zai)線(xian)檢(jian)查(cha)會做兩件事。首先，它(ta)揭示可(ke)以(yi)(yi)修正的(de)(de)上游流(liu)程故障。檢(jian)測(ce)技術(shu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)玻(bo)璃(li)板上進(jin)行每(mei)秒超過(guo)1億次的(de)(de)測(ce)量，從而定位(wei)肉眼無(wu)法看(kan)到(dao)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷。其次，它(ta)使下游計算機能夠引導切(qie)割(ge)器解決缺(que)陷。

第8自然段

Float glass is sold by the square metre,and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.

浮法玻璃(li)按平方出售，在最(zui)后階段(duan)，計算機將客戶需(xu)求轉換為旨在最(zui)大程度減(jian)少(shao)浪費(fei)的切割模式。

>> 雅思 托(tuo)福 免費課程(cheng)學(xue)習，AI量身(shen)規劃讓英語學(xue)習不再困難<<