雅思閱讀biological control原文翻譯

第1段

The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders,pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant,highly lethal superbugs.

事實證明，持續不顧(gu)后(hou)果地使用合成化學品控制(zhi)有(you)害生物對農(nong)作物和人類健康(kang)構成威脅，并(bing)且會適得其反。除引起廣泛(fan)的(de)生態失調外，農(nong)藥還促(cu)成具有(you)抗藥性(xing)和高致死(si)性(xing)的(de)超級害蟲的(de)誕生。

第2段

According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO),more than 300species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests,about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

根據糧食(shi)及農業組織(zhi)(FAO)的最新(xin)研究，超過300種農業害蟲對(dui)多種強效化學物質(zhi)產(chan)生了抗藥性(xing)。更不用說傳播疾(ji)病(bing)的害蟲，其中約有100種已對(dui)目前(qian)使用的各種殺(sha)蟲劑免疫。

第3段

One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’application is that,while destroying harmful pests,they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms,which keep the growth of the pest population in check.This results in what agroecologists call the‘treadmill syndrome’.Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity,many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with built-in resistance to pesticides.

農(nong)藥施用的一個明顯(xian)缺點是，在(zai)消滅(mie)有(you)害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)的同(tong)時，它們還消滅(mie)了許多(duo)有(you)用的非目標生(sheng)物(wu)，從而(er)使有(you)害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)種群的生(sheng)長受(shou)到控(kong)制(zhi)。這導致了農(nong)業生(sheng)態學家所說的“跑步機綜合癥”。由(you)于害(hai)蟲(chong)具(ju)有(you)巨大的繁(fan)殖潛(qian)力和遺傳多(duo)樣性，許多(duo)害(hai)蟲(chong)都能夠抵抗合成化學物(wu)質并生(sheng)育對(dui)農(nong)藥具(ju)有(you)內在(zai)抗性的后代。

第4段

The havoc that the‘treadmill syndrome’can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America.In the early 1940s,basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture,the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s,rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s,following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.

“跑步機綜合癥”可能造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重破(po)壞已由(you)中美洲棉農(nong)(nong)(nong)的(de)(de)(de)遭(zao)遇充(chong)分說明(ming)。20世(shi)紀40年(nian)代(dai)初期，在以(yi)化(hua)(hua)學為(wei)基礎的(de)(de)(de)集約化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業的(de)(de)(de)光輝(hui)下，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民們(men)熱衷(zhong)于(yu)使用農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥作為(wei)提(ti)高作物產量的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)措施(shi)。20世(shi)紀40年(nian)代(dai)中期，殺蟲(chong)劑每(mei)年(nian)施(shi)用八次。20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代(dai)，由(you)于(yu)三種新的(de)(de)(de)耐化(hua)(hua)學性害(hai)蟲(chong)突(tu)然擴散開來，該數(shu)字上升到一個季度施(shi)用28次。

第5段

By the mid-1960s,the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50%of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides.This article is from Laokaoya website.In the early 1970s,the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.

到(dao)20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期(qi)，情況發生了(le)令(ling)人(ren)震驚的轉折，又(you)爆發了(le)4種新的害蟲，使得噴(pen)灑(sa)農(nong)藥(yao)成為(wei)必要措施，以致(zhi)于棉花生產中(zhong)50%的經濟(ji)支出都(dou)用在(zai)了(le)農(nong)藥(yao)上(shang)面。20世紀(ji)70年(nian)代(dai)初，由于基(ji)因上(shang)更(geng)強的昆蟲物種的入侵(qin)，農(nong)民們被逼(bi)到(dao)極限，每個季度甚至經常噴(pen)灑(sa)70次。

第6段

Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health,says a study by United States environmental agencies.The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.

美國環境機構的(de)一項研究表明，當(dang)今(jin)市(shi)場上大多(duo)(duo)數農藥對導致癌癥和(he)突變的(de)性質以及對健康的(de)其他不利影響存在測試不足。美國國家資(zi)源保(bao)護委員會發現，DDT是(shi)許多(duo)(duo)正(zheng)在使用的(de)危險化學品中(zhong)受歡迎(ying)的(de)一種。

第7段

In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides,a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control,involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population,is fast gaining popularity-though,as yet,it is a new field with limited potential.The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost,perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.When handled by experts,bio-control is safe,non-polluting and self-dispersing.

面對(dui)無(wu)(wu)差別使用(yong)農藥不斷加深的危險，生物控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，這一更有效和無(wu)(wu)害的生態戰(zhan)略(選(xuan)擇性害蟲種(zhong)群(qun)的天敵(di))正迅(xun)速受到(dao)歡迎-不過，至今它(ta)仍然是(shi)一個潛力有限的新領域。與(yu)其他(ta)方法(fa)相比，生物控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的優點在于它(ta)提供了一種(zhong)成本相對(dui)較低，永(yong)性久(jiu)的控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統，且(qie)有害副作用(yong)最小。由專家(jia)處理時(shi)，生物控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是(shi)安全、無(wu)(wu)污染、并且(qie)可以自(zi)我(wo)擴散的。

第8段

The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control(CIBC)in Bangalore,with its global network of research laboratories and field stations,is one of the most active,non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites.CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.

班加羅爾的(de)英聯(lian)邦(bang)生物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)學院(CIBC)與全球(qiu)研究(jiu)實驗室和實地(di)工作站都有(you)聯(lian)系，是(shi)從事害蟲防(fang)治(zhi)最活(huo)躍，非商(shang)業性的(de)研究(jiu)機構(gou)之一。其(qi)致力于(yu)尋找使(shi)用害蟲的(de)自(zi)然(ran)天(tian)敵(di)。CIBC還是(shi)全球(qiu)范圍內用于(yu)蟲害控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)生物(wu)制(zhi)劑進出口的(de)交換所。

第9段

CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil,native to Mexico,to control the obnoxious parthenium weed,known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia.Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory(RRL),supported by CIBC,is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth,another dangerous weed,which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL,‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.‘CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on‘disapene scale’insects–notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

CIBC成(cheng)功(gong)地使(shi)(shi)用(yong)了(le)一(yi)種原產于墨(mo)西哥的(de)(de)(de)食用(yong)種子的(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)來控(kong)制令(ling)人討厭的(de)(de)(de)銀膠菊草。該草對印(yin)度(du)和(he)澳大利(li)亞的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業和(he)人類健康都產生了(le)負面影響。同(tong)樣，在CIBC的(de)(de)(de)支持下，位(wei)于海得拉(la)巴的(de)(de)(de)地區實驗室(shi)(RRL)現在正在嘗試(shi)一(yi)種阿(a)根廷(ting)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)，以(yi)根除(chu)另一(yi)種危險的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)草-水葫蘆。這(zhe)種雜(za)草已在世界許多地方成(cheng)為困(kun)擾。據RRL的(de)(de)(de)Kaiser Jamil女(nv)士(shi)說：“阿(a)根廷(ting)象(xiang)鼻(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)不會(hui)攻擊任(ren)何其他(ta)植物，一(yi)對成(cheng)年的(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)可以(yi)在4-5天內(nei)破壞雜(za)草。CIBC還正在完(wan)善(shan)繁殖以(yi)“二萜類”昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)為食的(de)(de)(de)寄生蟲(chong)(chong)技術(shu)。這(zhe)些臭名昭(zhao)著昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)使(shi)(shi)得美國和(he)印(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)果(guo)樹落葉。

第10段

How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples.In the late 1960s,when Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides,a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control.A natural predator indigenous to India,Neodumetia sangawani,was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US.By using Neochetina bruci,a beetle native to Brazil,scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometrelong canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta,popularly called‘African Payal’in Kerala.About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.

以下例子(zi)證明了如何有效地(di)實施生(sheng)物防治。20世紀60年代后期，當斯(si)里蘭卡茂盛的(de)椰子(zi)林(lin)被(bei)采(cai)葉類殺蟲(chong)劑所困擾時，從新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)進口的(de)幼蟲(chong)寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)使(shi)該害(hai)蟲(chong)得(de)到了控制。人們發現，印度本土的(de)天然捕食者Neodumetia sangawani可(ke)用(yong)于控制羅(luo)得(de)島草鱗昆(kun)蟲(chong)，該昆(kun)蟲(chong)在美國許多地(di)方都在吞食草料。喀(ka)拉(la)拉(la)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)農業大(da)學(xue)的(de)科學(xue)家(jia)們使(shi)用(yong)巴西本土的(de)甲蟲(chong)Neochetina bruci，使(shi)得(de)一條長達(da)12公(gong)里的(de)運河(he)從喀(ka)拉(la)拉(la)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)雜草(Salvinia molesta，通常被(bei)稱為“非(fei)洲Payal”)中(zhong)解(jie)放出(chu)來。這種雜草在喀(ka)拉(la)拉(la)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)侵害(hai)了大(da)約30,000公(gong)頃稻田(tian)。

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