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　　南(nan)京大學天(tian)文(wen)與空間科學學院王(wang)(wang)濤(tao)教授(shou)團隊(dui)與合作(zuo)者創(chuang)新性地從探索(suo)近鄰(lin)星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑洞(dong)質量(liang)與星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)原子氫氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入(ru)手，首(shou)次(ci)揭示了星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)心(xin)黑洞(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)是調制(zhi)(zhi)星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)原子氫氣(qi)(qi)體含(han)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最關鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)：中(zhong)心(xin)黑洞(dong)質量(liang)越高的(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其原子氫氣(qi)(qi)體含(han)量(liang)越低。這一發(fa)現對星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)心(xin)黑洞(dong)是否影(ying)響和如(ru)何(he)影(ying)響星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷氣(qi)(qi)體含(han)量(liang)及恒星(xing)(xing)形成提供了重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀測證據，同時也(ye)對中(zhong)心(xin)黑洞(dong)對宿主星(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)饋機制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)出了重(zhong)要(yao)限制(zhi)(zhi)。相關成果(guo)以“Black holes regulate cool gas accretion in massive galaxies”為(wei)題于(yu)2024年(nian)8月(yue)14日(ri)在國(guo)際著名期刊《Nature》上(shang)在線發(fa)表，南(nan)京大學王(wang)(wang)濤(tao)教授(shou)為(wei)論文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一作(zuo)者和通訊作(zuo)者。

　　星系(xi)(xi)是(shi)構成(cheng)宇宙(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本單位。以(yi)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)銀河(he)系(xi)(xi)為(wei)例(li)，星系(xi)(xi)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)包含(han)有數千億(yi)顆恒星、氣體和塵埃等(deng)星際介質(zhi)(zhi)及中心超大質(zhi)(zhi)量黑(hei)洞的(de)(de)(de)(de)自引力束(shu)縛(fu)系(xi)(xi)統。星系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部組(zu)成(cheng)成(cheng)分(fen)及其周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)星系(xi)(xi)周介質(zhi)(zhi)之間在多個(ge)空間和時(shi)間尺度(du)上進行著復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)相互作用，共同影響著星系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)和演(yan)化。研究(jiu)星系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)和演(yan)化對于理解宇宙(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)歷史(shi)及宇宙(zhou)不同層級的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)都有著重要(yao)意義。

　　天文學(xue)家一(yi)般把星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)分為兩類：一(yi)類是較年(nian)輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)，仍在(zai)活躍地(di)產生(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，稱(cheng)為恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)成星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi);而(er)另一(yi)類是較年(nian)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)，則(ze)幾乎沒有新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)成，稱(cheng)為被動(dong)(dong)演(yan)化(hua)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)。研究恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)成星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)如(ru)何(he)轉變(bian)為被動(dong)(dong)演(yan)化(hua)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)，即星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)如(ru)何(he)由“生(sheng)(sheng)”到“死”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，是星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)形(xing)(xing)成和演(yan)化(hua)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最核心任務之一(yi)。圍(wei)繞這一(yi)難題，自上(shang)世紀(ji)70年(nian)代理(li)論(lun)家就(jiu)提出星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)大質量(liang)黑洞在(zai)吸(xi)積(ji)物(wu)質過程中釋放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大能量(liang)對(dui)(dui)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成演(yan)化(hua)，尤其是對(dui)(dui)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)從(cong)“生(sheng)(sheng)”(恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)成星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi))到“死”(被動(dong)(dong)演(yan)化(hua)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變(bian)有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。經過近半個世紀(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，當(dang)前(qian)中心黑洞對(dui)(dui)宿主星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)具(ju)有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋(kui)作用(yong)已成為主流星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)形(xing)(xing)成演(yan)化(hua)理(li)論(lun)模型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同結論(lun)。然而(er)，觀測上(shang)黑洞是否(fou)影(ying)響以及如(ru)何(he)影(ying)響星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成演(yan)化(hua)一(yi)直缺乏明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據(ju)。

　　面對這一挑戰，南京大學(xue)王(wang)濤教授(shou)團隊與合作者創新性地從探索近鄰星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)黑洞(dong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)與星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)含(han)量(liang)之(zhi)間的(de)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入手，首次揭(jie)示(shi)了(le)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)調(diao)制(zhi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)的(de)最(zui)關鍵的(de)物理量(liang)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)越(yue)低。原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)冷(leng)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)主(zhu)要組成(cheng)部(bu)分，而冷(leng)氣(qi)體(ti)又是(shi)(shi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)恒星(xing)(xing)(xing)形成(cheng)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)料，因此(ci)這一發(fa)現對星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)是(shi)(shi)否影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)和如何影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)冷(leng)氣(qi)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)及恒星(xing)(xing)(xing)形成(cheng)提供(gong)了(le)重要的(de)觀測證據。它顯示(shi)很(hen)大程(cheng)度上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)宿主(zhu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)恒星(xing)(xing)(xing)形成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)通過從源頭上(shang)限制(zhi)恒星(xing)(xing)(xing)形成(cheng)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)料—冷(leng)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)含(han)量(liang)來實(shi)現的(de)。該(gai)結果對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)對宿主(zhu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)具體(ti)的(de)反饋(kui)機制(zhi)也作出了(le)重要限制(zhi)。因為原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周氣(qi)體(ti)冷(leng)卻形成(cheng)的(de)初級產(chan)物，該(gai)發(fa)現意味著通過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)在其成(cheng)長過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釋放的(de)能量(liang)來調(diao)節星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)冷(leng)卻效率(lv)很(hen)可能是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)黑洞(dong)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)宿主(zhu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)形成(cheng)演化的(de)主(zhu)要方式(shi)。

　　該(gai)工作也同時揭(jie)示了(le)不(bu)同類型的星系(xi)遵循同樣(yang)的冷氣(qi)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)-黑洞(dong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)關系(xi)(圖1)，這意味著(zhu)冷氣(qi)體(ti)含(han)量(liang)-黑洞(dong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)關系(xi)為研究(jiu)星系(xi)形成演化(hua)，尤其是研究(jiu)星系(xi)在不(bu)同類型間的轉化(hua)機制(zhi)，提供了(le)全新的、可能更為基礎(chu)的框架。

　　南(nan)(nan)京(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)王濤教(jiao)授(shou)為論(lun)(lun)文的第一作(zuo)(zuo)者和通訊作(zuo)(zuo)者，南(nan)(nan)京(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)兩位研(yan)究生許可和吳雨(yu)瑄同學(xue)為論(lun)(lun)文作(zuo)(zuo)出重要貢獻，南(nan)(nan)京(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)的施勇(yong)教(jiao)授(shou)、顧秋生教(jiao)授(shou)、張智昱教(jiao)授(shou)、王倚君(jun)副研(yan)究員(yuan)，及法國原子能(neng)研(yan)究所、北京(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)、上海師(shi)范大(da)(da)學(xue)、天津師(shi)范大(da)(da)學(xue)、復旦大(da)(da)學(xue)相關科研(yan)人員(yuan)參(can)與(yu)了(le)本工作(zuo)(zuo)。本工作(zuo)(zuo)得到(dao)了(le)國家自然科學(xue)基金、國家重點研(yan)發項(xiang)目、載(zai)人航天項(xiang)目等的支持(chi)。

　　圖1：星系中冷氣體含量與中心黑洞質量的關系示意圖。

　　中心黑洞質量越大的星系其冷氣體含量越低、成為被動演化星系的可能性也越高。