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堅持依法治教 落實政府發展學前教育的責任

教(jiao)(jiao)育部基礎教(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)指委學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育保教(jiao)(jiao)專(zhuan)委會主任委員、中國教(jiao)(jiao)育學(xue)會常務副會長 李天順(shun)

　　《中(zhong)華人民共和國學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)法》以“推(tui)進(jin)學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)普(pu)及普(pu)惠安全(quan)優質發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)”為主線，深刻、全(quan)面、具(ju)體闡述了落(luo)(luo)實政府(fu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)責任(ren)的法律(lv)規定和實現(xian)路徑，對(dui)于(yu)加快學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、實現(xian)現(xian)代化目標、為2035年建成教(jiao)育(yu)強國貢獻力量(liang)，具(ju)有十(shi)分重要的意(yi)義。認真學習、準確理解、全(quan)面貫徹(che)落(luo)(luo)實《學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)法》關于(yu)落(luo)(luo)實政府(fu)責任(ren)的相關規定，是依法治教(jiao)、推(tui)進(jin)學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的必修課、必答題(ti)。堅持政府(fu)主導，落(luo)(luo)實政府(fu)責任(ren)，是學前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)健(jian)康發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的基本保障。

　　一是優化資源配置的責任。發展(zhan)學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育，離不開資源保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。《學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育法(fa)》規(gui)(gui)定“地方各級人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)(fu)應當采取措施，推動適(shi)齡兒童(tong)(tong)在其(qi)父母或者其(qi)他監護人(ren)的(de)(de)工作或者居(ju)住的(de)(de)地區方便就(jiu)近(jin)接受學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育”。首先是(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)。《學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育法(fa)》明確(que)規(gui)(gui)定了政府(fu)(fu)制定學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育發展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)責任(ren)。各級政府(fu)(fu)要(yao)統(tong)籌當前(qian)和(he)(he)長遠，認真研究人(ren)口變化和(he)(he)城鎮化發展(zhan)趨勢，不僅要(yao)總體上解決好入園(yuan)難(nan)入園(yuan)貴的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，還要(yao)有效滿足就(jiu)近(jin)就(jiu)便入園(yuan)的(de)(de)基本需(xu)求。需(xu)要(yao)指出的(de)(de)是(shi)，有關數據顯示，我國近(jin)年的(de)(de)出生人(ren)口開始下(xia)降(jiang)，適(shi)齡兒童(tong)(tong)數峰(feng)谷(gu)相(xiang)間可能會是(shi)常態。落實政府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)責任(ren)，優化學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)資源布(bu)局，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)資源有效供給，必然(ran)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)和(he)(he)改善民(min)生的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)任(ren)務。其(qi)次是(shi)舉(ju)(ju)辦(ban)。《學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育法(fa)》明確(que)規(gui)(gui)定了政府(fu)(fu)舉(ju)(ju)辦(ban)為主(zhu)，發展(zhan)普惠性學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)責任(ren)。特別(bie)是(shi)在農村，地方各級人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)(fu)應當加快構建以公辦(ban)幼兒園(yuan)為主(zhu)體的(de)(de)農村學(xue)前(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育公共服務體系。

　　二是加大公共財政的投入責任。《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)》專設第五章“投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)與保(bao)障”，對建立以(yi)財政(zheng)(zheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)與成(cheng)本分擔為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)內容的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)經費(fei)保(bao)障機制(zhi)作出明確安排(pai)，強(qiang)(qiang)調落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)財政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)責(ze)任，從運行(xing)機制(zhi)上保(bao)障更加公(gong)(gong)(gong)平、優質、普惠的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)不(bu)走樣、不(bu)變調地(di)走進千(qian)家萬戶。首先(xian)要(yao)堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)財政(zheng)(zheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)不(bu)動(dong)搖。《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)》明確規(gui)定“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)府投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、家庭合理負擔保(bao)育(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)成(cheng)本、多渠道籌措經費(fei)的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)機制(zhi)”。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)財政(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)全球范圍的(de)共(gong)(gong)識，而且是(shi)世界(jie)主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)(fa)達國家的(de)基本政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)取向。建立學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)保(bao)障機制(zhi)的(de)核心，就是(shi)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)財政(zheng)(zheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)基本原(yuan)則，并(bing)持(chi)之(zhi)以(yi)恒地(di)堅持(chi)下去。其次要(yao)想方設法(fa)(fa)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)責(ze)任。《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)》對政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)責(ze)任作出明確規(gui)定，要(yao)求制(zhi)定并(bing)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)辦幼兒(er)園(yuan)生均(jun)(jun)財政(zheng)(zheng)撥款標(biao)準(zhun)或者(zhe)生均(jun)(jun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)用經費(fei)標(biao)準(zhun)、普惠性(xing)民辦幼兒(er)園(yuan)生均(jun)(jun)財政(zheng)(zheng)補助標(biao)準(zhun)，支持(chi)普惠性(xing)民辦幼兒(er)園(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，為(wei)(wei)家庭經濟困難的(de)適齡(ling)兒(er)童(tong)等(deng)接受(shou)普惠性(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)提供資(zi)(zi)助等(deng)。這其中很關(guan)鍵的(de)一點就是(shi)制(zhi)定標(biao)準(zhun)，要(yao)在強(qiang)(qiang)調落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)生均(jun)(jun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)用經費(fei)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)同時(shi)，認真落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)好教(jiao)(jiao)職工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)保(bao)障、各種專項投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)等(deng)。

　　三是加強監管的責任。監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)政府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本職責。《學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法》專設第(di)(di)六章“管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)與監(jian)(jian)(jian)督”，對建立(li)(li)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體系(xi)、確(que)保(bao)(bao)重大(da)問題(ti)、關(guan)(guan)鍵環節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)衛和學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好運(yun)行(xing)(xing)作(zuo)出(chu)規(gui)(gui)定。首先(xian)是(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)是(shi)辦(ban)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)最(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，沒有(you)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，何談教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)。《學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法》專門(men)(men)對縣(xian)(xian)級以上人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)(fu)及其有(you)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)作(zuo)出(chu)規(gui)(gui)定。必須要(yao)(yao)(yao)強調的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，幼兒園、基層(ceng)公(gong)安(an)(an)部(bu)門(men)(men)、社區組織等(deng)(deng)聯防(fang)聯控(kong)是(shi)最(zui)前(qian)(qian)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，也是(shi)落實政府(fu)(fu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)責任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效著力點。第(di)(di)二是(shi)準(zhun)入監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)機構規(gui)(gui)模小，分布廣，把好舉辦(ban)入門(men)(men)關(guan)(guan)十分關(guan)(guan)鍵。《學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法》要(yao)(yao)(yao)求設立(li)(li)幼兒園時，在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)法人(ren)登記之前(qian)(qian)，必須取得縣(xian)(xian)級教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)政部(bu)門(men)(men)授予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)學許(xu)可。第(di)(di)三是(shi)收費與財務(wu)(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。《學前(qian)(qian)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)法》明(ming)確(que)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求“縣(xian)(xian)級以上地(di)方人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)(fu)及有(you)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)應當(dang)加(jia)強對幼兒園收費的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”對財務(wu)(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)及相關(guan)(guan)方面(mian)作(zuo)出(chu)明(ming)確(que)規(gui)(gui)定。應該說，收費監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不僅與廣大(da)人(ren)民(min)群(qun)眾最(zui)直接(jie)相關(guan)(guan)，而(er)且是(shi)物價(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)方面(mian)。當(dang)然，財務(wu)(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)用好錢的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不好財務(wu)(wu)，漏洞百(bai)出(chu)，再多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入也可能付(fu)之東流(liu)。政府(fu)(fu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)通(tong)過建立(li)(li)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)收費管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制度，并通(tong)過預算管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、審計管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、信息備案與公(gong)示等(deng)(deng)多(duo)種制度加(jia)強監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。

　　四是保障公平的責任。隨著(zhu)全社會對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)人一(yi)生學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習和(he)(he)發(fa)展中重要(yao)意義的(de)認(ren)識不斷(duan)提高(gao)，希望孩子能(neng)夠接受(shou)公(gong)平(ping)且安全優(you)(you)質的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)為家(jia)長的(de)普(pu)遍期(qi)待(dai)。首先是促進(jin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)普(pu)惠(hui)優(you)(you)質發(fa)展。《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)》規定學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)兒(er)(er)童(tong)享有依法(fa)平(ping)等(deng)接受(shou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)權利，平(ping)等(deng)對待(dai)每一(yi)個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)兒(er)(er)童(tong)，促進(jin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)兒(er)(er)童(tong)獲得全面(mian)發(fa)展，“各(ge)(ge)級人民政府(fu)應(ying)當依法(fa)履行(xing)(xing)職(zhi)責，合理配置資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，縮小(xiao)城鄉(xiang)之間、區(qu)域(yu)之間學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)展差(cha)(cha)距(ju)”。各(ge)(ge)級政府(fu)要(yao)努力構建覆蓋城鄉(xiang)、布局合理、公(gong)益普(pu)惠(hui)、安全優(you)(you)質的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系，不斷(duan)擴大(da)(da)優(you)(you)質教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。其次必須高(gao)度關注和(he)(he)扶持困(kun)(kun)難(nan)地區(qu)、弱勢群(qun)體(ti)(ti)。《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)》規定國家(jia)采(cai)取(qu)措施傾斜(xie)支持困(kun)(kun)難(nan)地區(qu)，傾斜(xie)支持家(jia)庭經(jing)濟困(kun)(kun)難(nan)的(de)兒(er)(er)童(tong)、孤兒(er)(er)、殘(can)疾兒(er)(er)童(tong)和(he)(he)農(nong)村留守兒(er)(er)童(tong)等(deng)接受(shou)普(pu)惠(hui)性(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，提高(gao)殘(can)疾兒(er)(er)童(tong)的(de)生均撥款標準，對弱勢群(qun)體(ti)(ti)實行(xing)(xing)資(zi)(zi)助政策(ce)。可以預計，區(qu)域(yu)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)、城鄉(xiang)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)在(zai)(zai)今后相當長一(yi)段時期(qi)還會普(pu)遍存在(zai)(zai)。通過加大(da)(da)資(zi)(zi)金、項目和(he)(he)師資(zi)(zi)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)支持，逐步縮小(xiao)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)，是推進(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)平(ping)的(de)重要(yao)任務(wu)。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，以殘(can)疾兒(er)(er)童(tong)為典型代表(biao)的(de)困(kun)(kun)難(nan)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)能(neng)不能(neng)接受(shou)到良好的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，也是我(wo)們學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)展水平(ping)的(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)衡量標準，我(wo)們不僅要(yao)推動各(ge)(ge)種特殊教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機構積(ji)極(ji)創造條件發(fa)展學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，還要(yao)倡導(dao)和(he)(he)支持廣大(da)(da)幼兒(er)(er)園積(ji)極(ji)招收殘(can)疾兒(er)(er)童(tong)入園，讓這些(xie)孩子能(neng)夠和(he)(he)其他所有孩子一(yi)樣(yang)，同在(zai)(zai)藍天下，共同接受(shou)良好的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian)(qian)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。